Understanding the LoRaWAN® Protocol Stack: Features, Standards & Architecture

If you already have some experience with LoRaWAN® but are unsure whether open‑source components are sufficient for your applications, the STACKFORCE LoRaWAN® Protocol Stack is the right solution.

It is an advanced, industrial‑grade enhancement of the open‑source LoRaWAN® stack, specifically optimized for operation in complex environments with demanding security and performance requirements. At the same time, it helps you save development resources and reliably plan your software integration.

LoRaWAN® Protocol Stack Features

The STACKFORCE LoRaWAN® Stack implements all essential layers required for end devices:

  • Flexible API for the software library
  • Interfaces for externalized security functions
  • Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) for cross‑platform support
  • Consistent API look‑and‑feel across all platforms

The Modem Application provides the API via serial interfaces (UART, SPI and others) with minimal overhead. For highly sensitive applications, AES‑encrypted serial communication is also supported.

The stack supports all common forms of non‑volatile memory such as EEPROM, Flash and MRAM, allowing platform‑specific optimization such as hardware‑accelerated AES or CRC‑16.

Communication is bidirectional by default using Class A, but can also operate in Class B (time‑slotted reception) or Class C (continuous receive mode). This offers energy‑efficient and application‑specific flexibility for downlink communication.

Thumbnail representing an overview of the LoRaWAN® protocol stack, its functions, standards and architecture

Implemented Standards

The STACKFORCE LoRaWAN® Protocol Stack for end devices is based on the LoRaWAN® specification v1.0.4, including all associated regional parameters. These define the frequency bands used across global LoRaWAN® deployments, such as:

  • EU868
  • US915
  • AU915
  • AS923
  • IN865

This ensures your LoRaWAN® devices can be used reliably across borders and regions.

Optional features include support for Class B and Firmware Update Over The Air (FUOTA). Thanks to intelligent hardware abstraction, you essentially only need a LoRa®‑capable transceiver to use the stack.

Advantages over Open‑Source implementations

Compared to open‑source LoRaWAN® stacks, the STACKFORCE LoRaWAN® Stack offers numerous benefits:

  • Easy integration through a simple C library and consistent API
  • Management Entity for structured stack configuration
  • Multi‑stack capability for Dual‑ or Triple‑Stack operation (mioty®, Sigfox, Wireless M‑Bus, etc.)
  • Duty‑cycle extension option for increased bandwidth
  • Industrial maturity: extensively tested, standard‑compliant and fully warrantied
  • Guaranteed certification compliance during porting to customer hardware
  • Long‑term maintenance through regular updates and support packages
  • Custom modifications and unique features that can be planned and implemented professionally

The result is a robust, industrial‑grade solution that delivers more functionality and reliability than typical in‑house or open‑source‑based developments.

LoRaWAN® Stack Package

Each STACKFORCE LoRaWAN® stack package includes:

  • Precompiled stack library
  • Hardware‑specific drivers
  • Serial interface
  • Power‑management components
  • Two application folders: Example and Modem
Integration Options
  • Single‑chip design: Run the stack library directly on the microcontroller using the Example App
  • Two‑chip design: Use the Modem App to operate a communication controller while the host MCU accesses the stack externally
Included with Licensing
  • Protocol stack: object code
  • RF drivers: object code
  • HAL: source code
  • 12 months maintenance (base package), additional support available depending on license model

All LoRaWAN® Stacks

LoRaWAN® Application Protocols v1.0.0 Module

Software module

End Device

Stack‑independent library for LoRaWAN® FUOTA

FUOTA process through a single interface

Extensive documentation for seamless integration

Single fragmentation session

LoRaWAN® v1.0.4 for End Devices

Single Stack

End Device

Available for: STMicroelectronics

LoRaWAN® Specification v1.0.4

Efficient industrial use

Tested in industrial IoT applications worldwide

Pre-certification for reference hardware

OMS®/wM-Bus+ LoRaWAN® for End Devices

Multi Stack

End Device

Available for: Semtech, STMicroelectronics

Two types of remote meter reading

Smooth transition from OMS® to LoRaWAN®

Seamless switching between stacks

Custom protocol priority

OMS®/wM-Bus + OMS® over LoRaWAN® for End Devices

Multi Stack

End Device

Available for: Semtech, STMicroelectronics

Seamless switching between stacks

Two types of remote meter reading

Integration of LoRaWAN® into the OMS® world

Pre-certification for reference hardware

In part two of our blogpost series about LoRaWAN®, you will learn more about the hardware requirements and licensing options of the LoRaWAN® Stack – including compatible microcontrollers, transceivers and system‑on‑chip platforms.

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